In the development of Islamic psychology, there are various ideas a part of which depends on understanding the methodological approaches to the relationship between psychology and Islam. The purpose of this study was to identify the mainstreams or macro approaches in the field of communication between psychology and Islam in a historical process. Using the meta-synthesis method, 98 qualitative studies (1900 to 2019) were identified from valid sources and were analyzed and combined in a new framework. The findings showed that, firstly, the beginning of the discussion of the relationship between psychology and Islam, considering a philosophical-empirical continuum, dates back to the 1910s. Secondly, studies in the field of psychological and Islamic relations were classified by the index of “point of departure of science/religion” in the dual approach (intra-indigenous and extra-indigenous), and by the index of “science-basedness” in the triple approach of “refining science”, “comparing science”, and “establishing science”. Thirdly, the recent triple approach is recognized in four historical periods, which are: a) the preparatory period (introduction of the ideas of Muslim thinkers) since 1910; b) the refining approach and the first wave of the establishment approach since 1950; c) the comparative approach since 1980; and d) the second wave of the establishment since 2005. Each of the three recent approaches has had methodological limitations. One way to get rid of these limitations is to propose a “shared establishment approach”. This approach provides the ground for the establishment of new science through: relying on the Multilevel Interdisciplinary Paradigm; using the three stages of comparison, refinement, and establishment; and maintaining the connection between psychology and Islam.